After offering an overview of some of the main themes of Popper’s political thought, the paper argues that his account faces two PROBLEMS relating to institutions. The first is that while Popper stresses the ‘rational unity of mankind’, and the potential for any of us to furnish criticisms of public policy, it is not clear what institutional means currently exist for this to enable this to take place. Second, Popper has stressed the conjectural character of even our best theories. However, at any point, some theories will have fared better in the face of criticism than others, and they may give us important information about constraints on our actions. At the same time, as ordinary citizens we may not be in a good position to understand the theories in question, let alone appraise the state of the specialised discussion of them. There is, it is suggested, a case for thinking of ways to institutionally entrench such fallible theories, especially in the current setting in which social media play an important role

Objectives: This study revealed mental hospitals PROBLEMS based on view point of their managers and analyzed etiology and its consequences.Method: Delphi method, which is a mean of systematical data collecting and refining information provided by a group of selected experts, was conducted.Findings: The majority of the PROBLEMS in the mental hospitals were due to self management procedure, lack of enough budget and irrational fees. In one hand mental patients and their families don’t have sufficient income to pay the expenses of these hospitals and on the other hand facilities for improvement of patients social, occupational and rehabilitation capabilities are inadequate. Coverage of insurance for mental patients is incomplete and lack of proper socio-economic supports due to negative attitudes toward them are a many other PROBLEMS. There are no administrative structures for standardization of mental hospitals and most of the mental hospitals buildings are dilapidated and without enough space for patients.Conclusion: Based on Complicated PROBLEMS of mental hospitals and increasing needs of mental patients to health care and treatment services, it is the time to change the structure and budgetary of psychiatric centers in Iran.

Introduction: The study of the caravan MANAGERS’ viewpoints influence effectively on the health promotion of the pilgrims for better planning in Hajj. So far, few studies are done in order to examine the health issues in Hajj. The purpose of this research is to study the caravan MANAGERS’ viewpoints about the major challenges of health in Hajj.Methods: In this integrated study (qualitative & quantitative), 600 managers and 400 clergymen of the Hajj caravans were studied in the Annual Conference during Hajj in Qom in 2011. A researcher-made questionnaire was designed in two quantitative parts including 10 questions in the Likert scale and 5 open questions. Also, the answers were extracted based on the checklist.Findings: The most important health challenges in view of responders were such as communicable diseases, food poisoning, pilgrims’ unfamiliarity with the proper diet plan, disregarding for the doctors and caravan managers advices, improper disposal of waste in the caravan, inappropriate position of toilets and failure in education during the Hajj and pilgrimage.Conclusion: The results have shown that the survey of concerns and viewpoints given by caravan managers can help effectively to the planners of health services system during the Hajj and pilgrimage.

The aim of this research is to study the Managers PROBLEMS of Eastern Azerbaijan small and medium sized enterprises. To achieve this goal, three questions were formulated. Research methodology is description and statistical community includes all Managers of Eastern Azerbaijan Province SMEs. The sample size of this research was 172 managers which were selected using Cochran formula. The needed data was gathered through a questionnaire which its validity and reliability were measured and confirmed. For analyzing the gathered data, Ratio test or binomial test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Friedman test, were used. The research findings show the most important PROBLEMS of SMEs managers were in six areas. The priority of these PROBLEMS is: economy, market, culture, human resources, laws & regulations, and information. The results of Kruskal-Wallis test also shows there is no meaningful difference between the MANAGERS’ PROBLEMS in different groups.

This research is a descriptive study and sectional one that survey the managers and chieves views on the existing PROBLEMS of treatment and health services and the role of continual education on solving these PROBLEMS in the year 1379 in Gonabad medical college. The research sample was the managers and chives working and managing their personnel’s. The data was collected by a questionnaire containing three sections of the existing PROBLEMS, the role of continual education on solving these PROBLEMS and the proper method of solving. To provide the questionnaires and plan the basic principles of the research, at first a basic study primarily was done about collecting the data on the PROBLEMS being existed in the area.The results of the research shows numerous and different findings that the most important are as follows.46% of the managers and chieves know their working duties 12% of the samples had not any experts staffs. 49% of the samples had been offered only half of the management responsibility. 44% of them have said that there is a complete relationship between their work and their skills and 5% had not mentioned any relationship. In another item 22% of the managers and chieves had mentioned that continual education was completely (100%) effective on the staffs satisfaction from their job.In the second section of the open questions about 95% of the samples had mentiond effective the role of continual education and useful in relation with any PROBLEMS to solve it. In the third section of the questions on offering the education methods from the samples views, the short term education with 30.1% was the most offered method and self-learning with 0% was the least one. At last the common PROBLEMS offered by the samples were:a. The shortage of the expert and educated personnel and staffs in all fields and researches too.b. Having no interest, motivation, skills and enough efficiency among the staffs.c. Lack of coordination between all sections and treatment and health centers.

The focus of this study is primarily on “the discrepancy in mentality as an important factor affecting family PROBLEMS and divorce”. For this purpose, some minor studies were conducted each of which experimentally examined different aspects of mental discrepancy in Iranian families. Almost all of these studies showed that permanent disputes and divorces resulted from the differences in their world-views, thinkings, and impressions in their mutual affairs. At last, the theory of Homogamy with two major revisions were used to explain the reasons and causes of family PROBLEMS and divorce which were confirmed in minor studies and cases.

The comprehension of public issues is critical for the implementation of development processes. Constantly confronted with these concepts, national, regional, and local managers must be able to address critical issues impacting the affairs of the people, such as civil engagement, social impacts, and regional development. This research's primary objective is to assist local public sector administrators in prioritizing public issues and making decisions regarding local development. Based on the aforementioned literature, the present study seeks to address the following inquiry: “What is the most effective framework for discerning and ranking public issues in order to enhance decision-making in the realm of development concepts?”The data collection phase was concluded by conducting interviews with authorities in the field of local development and employing a qualitative research design. The data that was gathered was subjected to theme analysis.The findings indicate: After classifying 180 fundamental themes into ten organizing themes and three universal themes, a three-dimensional matrix was produced. The purpose of this matrix is to investigate and rank the general issues as executive tools. Social culture, education and training, health, the economy and means of subsistence, moral systems and tendencies, thought and vision systems, behavioral systems, individuals, and ultimately the software dimension of resources comprise the themes.As a result of investigating the levels of local governance and gaining a deeper comprehension of rural development constraints, decision makers can reach more accurate conclusions. By utilizing a decentralized decision matrix system, decision makers at the local level are capable of comprehending and endeavoring to identify public issues, priorities, and ultimately constrained resources. A decentralized decision making process has been proposed in order to obtain a more effective method for identifying PROBLEMS, comprehending their nature, analyzing the structure of society, investigating critical changes, and developing plans and actions.